Knowledge Base

Chambers of Heart Surface anatomy of valves of heart

Best positions to auscultate sounds originating from valves

• Aortic: Second intercostal space right of Sternum
• Pulmonic Second and third intercostal space left of Sternum
• Mitral: Near cardiac apex
• Trcuspid: Lower left Sternal border

Utility of diaphragm and bell stethoscope

Physiology of heart sounds  

Physiology of heart murmurs

Effect of breathing on hemodynamics "Cardiac drill"

Pathology of defective valves

• Tricuspid atresia
• Pulmonary atresia
• Patent foramen ovale
• Fibrocalcific aortic valve
• Myxoid degeneration of mitral valve

Hemodynamics secondary to valvular defects

Ref:

1. Review Dr. John McNulty's lesson, "Projections and Auscultations of Heart Valves".
2. Bates, A Guide to Physical Exam.... 284-310.