Pleuropulmonary Manifestations

Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Pleuritis with or without effusion
  • Rheumatoid effusion
  • Cholesterol effusion
• Necrobiotic nodules
• Caplan's syndrome (rheumatoid pneumoconiosis)
• Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
• Pulmonary arteritis and pulmonary hypertension
• Bronchiolitis obliterans with or without organizing pneumonia
• Apical fibro-bullous disease
• Upper airway dysfunction from cricoarytenoid arthritis
• Interstitial changes from drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (e.g., methotrexate, gold, penicillamine)

Systemic Lupus Erythematosis

• Pleuritis with insignificant effusion
• Acute lupus pneumonitis
• Alveolar hemorrhage
• Chronic interstitial disease (sub-roentgenographic)
• Pulmonary vascular disease: vasculitis, pulmonary embolism
• Bronchiolitis obliterans
• Atelectasis
• Diaphragm dysfunction

Progressive Systemic Sclerosis

• Pulmonary hypertension
• Interstitial fibrosis
• Aspiration pneumonitis
• Increased frequency of lung tumors (Alveolar cell carcinoma)

Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis

• Interstitial fibrosis
• Bronchiolitis obliterans
• Aspiration pneumonitis

Sjogren's Syndrome

• Pleuritis
• Interstitial fibrosis
• Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis
• Pulmonary vasculitis and hypertension
• Desiccation of tracheobronchial tree
• Pulmonary lymphoma and pseudolymphoa

Ankylosing Spondylitis

• Interstitial fibrosis (upper lobes)
• Thoracic cage immobility