Ribs  

• Congenital abnormalities
  • fusion and bifid ribs
  • anomalous seventh cervical rib
    • compress subclavian vessel or brachial plexus
    • variation in intensity of pulses in certain positions
• Rib notching or erosion
  • Coarctation of aorta
  • inferior aspect of three to nine ribs
  • erosion from pulsating dilated intercostal arteries (collateral flow)
  • other causes for rib notching
    • tetrology of fallot
    • unilateral absence of pulmonary artery
    • intercostal neurinoma
    • hyperparathyroidism
• Osteomyelitis
• Tietze's syndrome
• Neoplasm's
  • Primary tumor fibro sarcoma rare
  • Metastatic common
  • Fibrous dysplasia
  • Pageat's
  • Myeloma
  • Hodgkin's
  • Pathological fracture
• Trauma/ Fracture

Sternum

• Pectus excavatum

  • Depression of sternum
  • ribs on either side protrude anteriorly more than sternum
  • asymptomatic
  • heart displaced to left
  • increased density over the inferomedial portion of hemi thorax
  • obscuration of right heart border
  • sternal depression in lateral view

• Pectus carinatum

  • pigeon breast
  • sternum protrudes anteriorly
  • asymptomatic
    • congenital
    • atrial or ventricular septal defect
    • severe asthma

Spine

• Kyphoscoliosis
  • lateral curvature scoliosis
  • posterior curvature kyphosis
  • congenital
  • paralytic
  • idiopathic
  • asymptomatic
  • pulmonary arterial hypertension and cor pulmonale
  • disability increase with age. symptomatic in fifth and sixth decade
  • hypoxia and hypercapnia
• Enclosing spondylitis
  • fixation of the chest in an inspiratory position
  • restrictive defect
  • synovitis, chondritis and juxtra-articular osteitis of the sacroiliac , apophysial and costo-vertebral articulations
  • calcification and ossification of Para spinal ligaments
  • aortic valvulitis
  • upper lobe fibrotic and bullous disease
  • low back pain

Chest wall soft tissue tumors

• lipoma