1. In pre renal azotemia there is
A. Decline in glomerular filtration
B. Intact tubular function
C. Both
D. Neither
2. Pre renal azotemia could result from
A. Decrease in circulating blood volume
B. Decrease in renal blood flow
C. Both
D. Neither
3. Acute tubular necrosis
A. Deterioration of glomerular function
B. Deterioration of tubular function
C. Both
D. Neither
4. Acute tubular necrosis can be the result of
A. Decrease in circulating blood volume
B. Exogenous Toxins
C. Both
D. Neither
5. Acute tubular necrosis is a diagnosis of exclusion
A. True
B. False
6. Renal functional components are
A. Regulatory
B. Excretory
C. Endocrine
D. All of the above
7. Regulatory functions of kidney are
A. Volume of body fluids
B. Composition of body fluids
C. Both
8. Loss of renal regulatory function of Volume of body fluids could result in
A. Edema
B. Hypertension
C. Congestive heart failure
D. All of the above
9. Loss of renal regulatory function of Composition of body fluids could result in
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Metabolic acidosis
C. Hyperphosphatemia
D. All of the above
10. Loss of excretory ability is expressed by
A. Rising BUN
B. Rising Creatinine
C. Both
11. Rate of rise in BUN and Creatinine reflects
A. Degree of impairment of excretory renal function
B. Rates of generation of BUN and Creatinine
C. Both
12. Rate of rise of creatinine with impaired renal excretory function is high in
A. Acute GI bleed
B. Patient with sleep apnea syndrome
C. Both
D. Neither
13. In average patient with acute renal failure the BUN rises about
A. 5-10 mg/dl/day
B. 10-15 mg/dl/day
C. 15-20 mg/dl/day
D. 20-25 mg/dl/day
14. A patient with acute renal failure has BUN rise of 45mg/dl/day . You should then consider
A. Acute GI bleed
B. Catabolic state
C. Both
D. Neither
15. Sonogram of kidneys can
A. Evaluate size
B. Assess calyceal system
C. Detect cysts and masses
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
16. Best radiological procedure to determine the size of the kidney in a patient with renal failure is
A. Plain x-ray abdomen
B. Sonogram
C. IVP
17. Blood flow studies with radio nucleotide method can
A. Determine presence or absence of flow
B. Can evaluate symmetry
C. Both
18. Patient with ATN. Renal blood flow evaluated by radio nucleotide method. You are likely to see
A. Decreased renal blood flow
B. Increased renal blood flow
C. Normal renal blood flow
19. Presence of red cells in urine should raise suspicion of disease of
A. Glomeruli
B. Tubules
C. Ureters
D. Bladder
E. Non-specific
20. Urine sediment contains lymphocytes and eosinophils. Consider
A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Pyelonephritis
C. Acute interstitial nephritis
21. Azotemia in the presence of normal urinary sediment is suggestive of
A. Tubular disease
B. Obstructive disease
C. SLE
D. Non diagnostic
22. Presence of red cells and white blood cells in urine rules out obstructive disease
A. True
B. False
23. In ATN glucose can be detected in the urine in the absence of hyperglycemia
A. True
B. False
24. Urine osmolality is close to that of serum in ATN
A. True
B. False
25. Patient is being investigated for acute renal failure. Spot check: urine concentration 40 meq/l. It is suggestive of
A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Congestive heart failure
C. ATN
D. Benign prostatic hypertrophy
26. Patient with acute renal failure with high urine osmolality, fractional excretion of sodium less than 1 percent. Consider
A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Congestive heart failure
C. ATN
D. Benign prostatic hypertrophy
27. Oliguria is considered present when the urine output is
A. < 100 ml/day
B. < 300 ml/day
C. < 500 ml/day
D. None of the above
28. Patients with ATN can have
A. Oliguria
B. Polyurea
C. Both
29. All of the following can give rise to total anuria except
A. Dissecting abdominal aortic aneurysm
B. Acute renal vein thrombosis
C. Severe cortical necrosis
D. Urinary tract obstruction
E. Acute interstitial nephritis
30. Functions of kidney can be maintained until the kidney has only
A. 50% of function
B. 30% of function
C. 10% of function
31. The nephrons that remain functional in the presence of disease act as
A. Partially damaged units
B. Normal units
C. Supernormal units
32. "Trade off hypothesis" refers to the adaptive changes mediated by stimuli generated outside and within the kidney
A. True
B. False
33. Bleeding complication in chronic renal failure is due to
A. Increased platelets
B. Decreased platelets
C. Functionally abnormal platelets
34. Type of anemia encountered in Chronic renal failure is
A. Megaloblastic anemia
B. Iron deficiency anemia
C. Pseudo iron deficiency anemia
D. Aplastic anemia
35. Pruritus in Uremia is due to
A. Elevated BUN
B. Micro crystallization of calcium in skin
C. Elevated phosphorous
D. None of the above
36. Patient in renal failure. The ratio of BUN to Creatinine is 30:1. Most likely diagnosis is
A. Obstructive disease
B. Glomerular disease
C. Pre renal disease
37. A normal kidney in states of dehydration, can generate with maximum concentration, an urine osmolality in excess of
A. 500 mOsm/kg
A. 900 mOsm/kg
A. 1200 mOsm/kg
38. Patient in acute renal failure. Urine osmolality is 600 mOsm/kg. Most likely it is due to
A. ATN
B. Pre renal azotemia
39. Patient in acute renal failure. Urinary sodium is 40 mEq/L. Most likely the etiology for renal failure is
A. ATN
B. Pre renal azotemia
40. In patients with chronic renal failure, Hypertension develops in
A. 95% of patients
B. 50% of patients
C. 10% of patients
41. Normal size of kidneys by sonography
A. 10-12 cm's in long axis
B. 7-9 cm's in long axis
C. 14-16 cm's in long axis