What are the modes of clinical presentation  with GI bleeding ?

Answer


What are the anatomical sites from which GI bleeding can occur?

Answer


What are the mode of presentation of acute GI bleeding?

Answer

Acute bleed: 


What are the mode of presentation of chronic GI bleeding?

Answer

Chronic bleed:  


What are the causes for black stools?

Answer Black stools  


What are the clinical manifestations of Hypovolemia? Answer

What are the findings supporting acute GI bleeding?

Answer


What is the likely location of bleeding site in the GI tract when there is melena?

Answer

Above the ligament of treitz. Hydrochloric acid converts hemoglobin to:


Estimate the amount of blood loss required to produce each of the following:   Answer

When will you consider duodenal ulcer as the etiology for GI bleeding?

Answer


When will you consider esophageal varices as the etiology for GI bleeding?

Answer

Esophageal varices


 

Gastro-duodenal erosions. Abuse of NSAID

Esophagitis (GERD). History of reflux.

Mallory-Weiss tear. Retching followed by hematamesis.

Arteriovenous malformations. In a patient with stigmata for hereditary hemorrhagic telengiectasia.

Swallowed blood from hemoptysis or oropharyngeal bleed


What historical information should one gather in evaluation of acute upper GI bleed?

Answer


What are the physical findings you  should be looking for in GI bleeding patients?

Answer


What are the prioritized steps that should be taken in the ER to treat patients suspected of having upper GI bleeding?

Answer


What are the interpretations for the possible returns from nasogastric tube?

Answer


What is the ideal procedure to confirm the location of bleeding site and why? 

Answer

Once the patient has stabilized (no orthostasis, slowed pulse) an upper GI endoscopy  (EGD) would be the procedure of choice


70 plus% of UGI bleeds will cease spontaneously. Should EGD be done even after the bleeding stops?

Answer

EGD should be done in every case


What are the factors that increase the mortality and morbidity from UGI bleeding?

Answer


Which patients are likely to rebleed?

Answer

Patients who present with:


What is the indication for surgical intervention in upper GI bleeding?

Answer


What is the alternative option for surgery?

Answer


What are the types of anemia that result from GI bleeding?

Answer


What are the types of lesions that can cause chronic bleeding in GI tract?

Answer


What are the required evaluations/tests for iron deficiency anemia in a male adult ?

Answer


What is hematochezia?

Answer

Bloody bowel movement

This generally indicates a lower GI tract hemorrhage from the colon or distal ileum


What is melena?

Answer

Melena is black, sticky, tarry, malodorous stool


What is occult blood?

Answer

Occult blood is blood not detectable with the naked eye. It requires a special test to confirm its presence.