Abnormal Finding

• Loss of red reflex (Cataract, detached retina)
• Lens opacities and cataract
• Aqueous opacities Floaters
• Fundus
  • Disc
    • Papilloedema
    • Atrophy
  • Vessels
    • Tortuosity
    • Straightening
  • AV crossing
    • AV nicking (Hypertension)
  • Background
    • Tiger pattern
    • Pigmentation
    • Hemorrhage (Hypertension, diabetes)
    • Exudate (Hypertension, diabetes)
    • Retinitis pigmentosa
  • Macula
    • Star (Hypertension)
    • Degeneration
  • Leukemic infiltration
  • Tortuous retinal veins and hemorrhage (Macroglobunemia)

Link to the ocular fundus by Christof Daetwyler M.D provides very nice pictures and descriptions of various normal and abnormal fundus (modified by Kenneth Kronenberg)  A new window will open. Close the window to return to this lesson.