Consultations

1. Surgical
   • Definitive: resection
2. Medical
   • antibiotics if indicated
   • medical management if nonlocalized bleeding, severely impaired pulmonary function, disseminated terminal carcinoma, advanced bilateral pulmonary disease, vasculitis
   • Modalities
     • bronchial artery embolization
     • balloon tamponade
     • intracavitary antifungal therapy
3. Mortality
   • medically managed patients with massive hemoptysis: 75%
   • surgically managed patients with massive hemoptysis: 23%