Abnormal Finding

• Loss of red reflex (Cataract, detached retina)
• Lens opacities and cataract
• Aqueous opacities Floaters
• Fundus
  • Disc
    • Papilloedema
    • Atrophy
  • Vessels
    • Tortuosity
    • Straightening
  • AV crossing
    • AV nicking (Hypertension)
  • Background
    • Tiger pattern
    • Pigmentation
    • Hemorrhage (Hypertension, diabetes)
    • Exudate (Hypertension, diabetes)
    • Retinitis pigmentosa
  • Macula
    • Star (Hypertension)
    • Degeneration
  • Leukemic infiltration
  • Tortuous retinal veins and hemorrhage (Macroglobunemia)

Link to the ocular fundus by Christof Daetwyler M.D provides very nice pictures and descriptions of various normal and abnormal fundus  A new window will open. Close the window to return to this lesson.